Strategic Issues of Northern Hungary

Gazdasági függőség: gondolatok Joel Kotkin „Neofeudalizmus eljövetele” című könyvéről

György Kocziszky — Thu, 30 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Varga Norbert: A Biblia és a Korán gazdaság- és társadalomképe – komparatív elemzés. (Kolozsvár: Exit, 2013, 168 old.)

Sándor András Gaál — Thu, 30 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Mike Károly Szelíd kapitalizmus. A szabad együttműködés rendje. Budapest, 2020: Gondolat Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-556-066-0

Bence Kucsera — Thu, 30 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Between Competing Regional Centres: Income Polarisation in Partium

Ferenc Szilágyi — Thu, 30 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Our study examines the spatial distribution of income across 381 municipalities in the five counties of Partium, north‑western Romania (Arad, Bihor, Maramureș, Sălaj, Satu Mare). The primary indicator is the per‑capita amount of personal income tax redistributed to local governments under the 2023 state budget.
We enrich the database with demographic and settlement-geographic covariates and—using OpenStreetMap-based routing—road distances and travel times to county seats, to Nagyvárad (Oradea), and the nearest regional centres (Cluj-Napoca/Kolozsvár, Timișoara/Temesvár, Debrecen, Szeged). The analysis employs multivariate linear regression, bootstrap resampling, one‑way ANOVA (DEGURBA groups), and a spatial‑lag model.
Results indicate a consistent, positive, and statistically significant association between population density and per‑capita income tax, while both distance and travel time from the county seat exert an adverse effect; time‑based accessibility is a slightly better predictor than kilometre‑based distance. Distance from Nagyvárad (Oradea) has weaker explanatory power than distance from county seats, suggesting that county capitals dominate income polarisation. Urbanisation level also differentiates per‑capita outcomes significantly, and spatial regression reveals strong neighbourhood (spillover) effects. The concentration of total tax payments is extreme (Gini = 0.86), whereas inequality in the per‑capita indicator is lower but still high (Gini = 0.44). Border‑gateway and suburban municipalities (especially Bors/Borș) display outstanding per‑capita performance.
Taken together, the findings imply that strengthening functional linkages to county capitals, improving accessibility, and deploying targeted cross‑border integration instruments could mitigate the relative decline of peripheral areas.

Integrating Generation Z into corporate Management: a system-level analysis and weight modelling of latent variables

András Farkas — Thu, 30 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study examines the organizational integration of Generation Z from a systems perspective. The research aims to explore how four latent variables—organizational loyalty, motivation, self-directed learning, and teamwork—are interrelated in a questionnaire-based sample of 420 respondents. The analysis is based on items measured on a five-point Likert scale. To estimate the weights of the variables, the study applies the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and correlation indices; it presents the approach from an HR-oriented perspective and illustrates the functioning of the system through a worked example. The results indicate that motivation and organizational loyalty jointly constitute the primary determinants of the behavioral system (≈80%), while self-directed learning and teamwork play supportive roles. The model offers a novel methodological approach for quantifying the motivational patterns of young employees and for informing the development of corporate human strategy.

Agrotechnology Startups and Agricultural Innovation: International Trends and Hungarian Specifics

Petra Kinga Kézai — Thu, 30 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The rise of digitalization and artificial intelligence has also led to significant innovations in agriculture, primarily linked to start-up companies. Building on this technological momentum, the study examines agrotechnology companies using data from Crunchbase, Dealroom, and the European Startups databases. Its findings reveal that most agricultural startups valued at over $1 million are located in North America, while Europe lags behind in this area; however, there are several innovative initiatives addressing the region's agricultural challenges. To illustrate regional efforts, the research concludes with a Hungarian case study presenting the NAK Techlab 2019 program as an example of support for domestic agricultural startups.

Employment in medical plant growing sector

Norbert Pászk — Thu, 30 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The demand for medicinal herbs is increasing year by year, which makes it extremely important to continuously provide raw materials from cultivation for individual industries. The labor shortage is also present in the agricultural sector in our country and it is difficult for medicinal herb growing businesses to cope with it. The labor shortage can be traced back to several reasons, which I systematize in my study. In my research, I am looking for the answer to whether medicinal herb growing businesses located in small settlements contribute to employment and, if so, to what extent, whether they participate in public work programs, and whether they would be open to it. As primary research, I conducted semi-structured professional interviews with 32 medicinal herb growing businesses. I present part of the results in this article.

Digital Maturity and Organizational Adaptability in Hungary and the DACH Region's Construction Machinery Trading

Adrienn Balázs-Kalász, Sándor Rostás — Thu, 30 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study investigates the adaptation of Logistics 4.0 and digital technologies in DACH region (Germany, Austria and Switzerland) construction companies compared to Hungarian companies operating in the same sector. The research focuses on the machinery trading sector in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Hungary. The companies studied primarily are active and operate in the general construction sector, road and tunnel construction, and mining. The research aims to thoroughly examine the relationship between digital maturity and organizational adaptability. The methodology includes an online questionnaire, a literature review, and SPSS statistical analyses—cross-tabulation, correlation, and regression analysis. Based on primary data, the research seeks to answer how digital transformation impacts economic competitiveness and social adaptation in a digitized world. The results show that theoretical knowledge of Logistics 4.0 positively correlates with the efficiency of logistics processes. A strong relationship is identified between digital self-assessment and expertise. However, the mere existence of a digital strategy does not significantly affect the extent of technology adoption. Organizational training and upskilling programs, as well as the willingness to invest in new technologies, play a critical role in developing digital skills and achieving long-term financial success.

Examination of the Factors Determining Endogenous Development in Hungarian Districts

Zoltán Oláh, Gábor Bodnár — Thu, 30 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0200

In recent decades, the theory of endogenous development has gained increasing prominence in the scientific literature. The growing importance of the endogenous approach is particularly evident in studies of economic development. The utilization and mobilization of local resources have come to the forefront – not only in relation to rural areas, but more generally as well. Several models are based on this approach, including the model of territorial capital.

In this study, we examine whether “typical” spatial patterns can be identified in the case of different forms of capital. Our results show that in the case of economic and human capital a general spatial concentration and clustering can be clearly observed. Social capital was analysed along two dimensions: „human activity” and „community activity”. The spatial structure of „human activity” shows a pattern similar to that observed for economic and human capital. In contrast, the spatial structure of „community activity” reveals a different pattern, suggesting that the internal dimensions of social capital operate differently across space.

Visible and Invisible Artificial Intelligence in HR Processes: An Attitude Study Based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)

János Hackl, Mónika Hoschek — Thu, 30 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Human Resource Management is fundamentally redefining recruitment and selection strategies. This study aims to examine the attitudes of HR decision-makers toward AI-based tools, with a particular focus on the concept of "invisible AI" (background automation) discussed in the research. The theoretical framework is provided by the extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), supplemented by the issues of algorithmic reductionism and transparency. The empirical research is based on a survey (n = 202), with data analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The findings highlight that professional experience, organizational size, and sectoral affiliation significantly influence the perception of technology. While AI is primarily valued as an efficiency-enhancing tool, serious concerns arise regarding the neglect of human factors and the lack of process transparency (black box effect). The study formulates practical recommendations for increasing transparency and maintaining human control in future HR strategies.

Comparative analysis of the financial resources and money management habits of young people living in the Eastern and Western macro-regions of Hungary

Zoltán Kovács, Anna Dunay — Thu, 30 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The period of secondary education represents a sensitive phase in the financial socialization of young people. At this stage, most students do not yet have a stable, independent income, while the number of their consumption decisions increases rapidly. Based on an analysis of data obtained from a primary, questionnaire-based survey conducted among final-year secondary school students in 2024, several conclusions can be drawn. Differences can be observed in the financial resources of graduating secondary school students residing in the eastern and western regions of Hungary; however, income from different sources (earned income and pocket money) largely offsets these differences, and overall, students in both regions have access to sufficient financial resources to satisfy their consumption needs. These differences cannot be explained by macro-regional economic disparities. Students’ financial literacy appears relatively homogeneous across the sample; nevertheless, consistent differences by school type can be identified in both regions. Young people’s financial management practices do not yet incorporate deliberate saving behaviour or the investment of accumulated savings; consequently, investment returns do not contribute to the growth of their financial assets.