Theory, Methodology, Practice - Review of Business and Management

R&D Tax Incentive Implementation Rate: A Novel Approach to Analysing Attractiveness of Tax Incentives

Katsiaryna Marmilava — 2024-04-16

The article discusses the current methodology used to evaluate relative attractiveness of R&D tax incentives, namely the B-index. It describes the evolution of the methodology, as well as its main limitations and drawbacks. It further suggests a novel complementary approach to analysing the attractiveness of tax incentives taking into consideration the practical implementation of tax incentives. The developed indicator – the tax incentive implementation (utilisation) rate – accounts for countries’ national features of tax incentive systems and reporting on R&D tax expenditures, and allows the generosity of tax incentives to be linked with the actual amount of tax support received by firms. The specific tax incentive implementation rates were computed for 20 European countries, and compared to draw conclusions about the relative efficacy of policy implementation.

Inflation in Hungary: How Does It Affect the Financial Situation of the Population?

László Molnár — 2024-03-01

Recent events have affected the economies of nations that began with an extraordinary epidemic that led to the lifting of closures and the emergence of oversupply in the market. The result is price increases, new supply problems and deficit economies, all of which contribute to rising inflation. The conflict and the oil crisis made the situation worse. We wondered whether the recent price increases have made people in Hungary more conscious with their budgets. The current report is based on a nationwide representative survey of almost 25,000 people conducted by NET Media PLC in September 2022. The study focused primarily on the development of living standards and the state of the economy, changes in spending patterns, savings, and family household management. Overall, it can be said that more than 75 percent of Hungarians over 25 are dissatisfied with how their standard of living has changed in the last year and that their financial situation has deteriorated.

External Debt and Economic Growth Relationship in Nigeria: A Reconsideration

Bashir Olayinka Kolawole — 2024-03-01

This paper examines the relationship between external debt and economic growth over the period 1981-2021 in Nigeria using the ARDL econometric technique. As economic growth is elusive amid a high and increasing stock of external debt, the country is on the verge of losing access to international financing. Thus, the problem provokes raging discussion on whether, or not, external debt is growth-enhancing in Nigeria. As such, in an attempt to contribute to the discussion and proffer a solution to the problem, this paper builds on an earlier study. Consequent upon preliminary diagnostics, a one-way causality is established to run in a specific pairwise relationship as each of external debt and domestic investment Granger causes economic growth. Moreover, following the affirmation of the long-run relationship among the variables, estimation results reveal an inverse relationship between real interest rate and economic growth in the short-run. The results further establish that external debt impacts negatively, as against openness to trade and domestic investment averagely impacting positively, on economic growth in both the short-run and long-run. In essence, if it becomes pertinent for the country to borrow for growth-enhancing investments, the government is advised to borrow at a zero rate of real interest.

Teacher Attire and Student Impressions: A Closer Look

Noémi Hajdú — 2024-02-22

Our choice of clothing has a great impact on how we are perceived by others. The official dress code of the university has changed a lot. From a more formal and exquisite dress code to a range of informal styles, such as business casual and smart casual. This change raises the question of whether dress has an impact on how students develop first impressions and opinions in our campus community. This study, which took place in November and December 2022, involved 414 individuals from a heterogeneous sample who responded to an online questionnaire provided on campus. The basis of this study is the sample, which was carefully selected to represent the age and gender distribution of the university. The main objective of this study is to investigate how students' perceptions and opinions are influenced by lecturers' dress. The results show a complex relationship between what people wear and the perceptions they create. Specifically, a preference for athletic or informal clothing is associated with qualities such as flexibility and directness, while a preference for more elegant and formal clothing conveys qualities such as care and attention to detail. These findings highlight the complexity associated with our assessment and interpretation of teachers' classroom dress codes and shed light on the different facets of first impressions in a university setting.

A Study on Entrepreneurship and Growth Nexus in High and Low-Income Countries - The Application of Panel Regression Estimation

Aku-Sika Buah — 2024-02-21

While common sense would suggest that entrepreneurship and economic growth are positively related, it remains unclear whether entrepreneurship is a primary predictor of economic growth conceptually and empirically. Evidence from the literature has revealed a mixed result. Some authors conclude that entrepreneurship drives economic growth positively and significantly. However, others found an inverse relationship between entrepreneurship and growth. Within the paper's framework, entrepreneurship's actual impact on growth across some selected high- and low-income countries has been brought to light. The discussion starts by measuring the degree of association among the variables across the selected clusters of countries. A panel estimation technique, more specifically the Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) technique, is adopted to make the comparison. Data on 39 high-income countries as well as 24 low-income countries from the period of 1999 to 2019 were considered. It was observed that entrepreneurship positively impacts growth across high-income countries. However, entrepreneurship does not necessarily aid growth within low-income countries.